A Review on Medico legal and Ethical aspects of Orthopaedic Practice

Medico-legal issues in orthopaedic practice are increasing day by day. With the tremendous metamorphosis in the healthcare sector, incidents of lawsuits against orthopaedic surgeons and hospitals, in the name of medical negligence is on the rise. With every consumer redress forum being more inclined in protecting the consumers, it is imperative for practising Doctors to be more informed on the Medico-legal aspects of their field of practice. Most orthopaedic cases that lead to medico-legal cases result from trauma. Besides, these cases are seen in the Emergency Room, thereby resulting in critical and uncertain decisions. Unlike in other fields where the patient has an existing relationship before any complications occur, rapport-building has to begin much after the treatment has begun. Technological advances in the orthopaedic field, availability of online information on platforms like Google, lack of communication, cutthroat competition among orthopaedic surgeons, awareness about the consumer protection act, mob psychology, interference by anti-social elements and local politicians etc have brought orthopaedic practice at this stage. Following ethical aspects, keeping good repo with patients and society, keeping our documentation perfect and precise, and doing transparent and honest practice can save orthopaedic surgeons in long run. Having empathy towards patients and society, keeping workload in our control, helping each other in crisis, and no medical jousting are also important measures to do safe medical practice in the present era. Keeping in mind the mantra of coming together, working together, and working in harmony is of utmost importance for an orthopaedic practice in recent times.

India China in Post liberalization

The bilateral relationship between India and China is often marked as rivalry and hostility in therecent past, had been warm and cordial for centuries. India was among a few non communist toaccord recognition to the new regime of China at its very inception in the year 1949. Even aftersigning of Panch Sheel, Chinese forces when continued disturbances on the Indian boarder thatreached at climax in the month of October, 1962, and it mounted a full-fledged armed attack onthe India-China border. In 1963 a treaty was signed between Pakistan and China by whichPakistan handed a large part of the Indian Territory in Kashmir illegally. China also supportedfully Pakistan during India – Pakistan conflict in 1965 and also in 1971. This makes therelationship between countries very toughed. This is the bone of contention for which IndoChina relation is deteriorated. The Chinese perspective towards India underwent a sea changein the later part of the post cold war period. India attempts to open its economy through itsambitious economic liberalization programme. Hence the Indo-China relation is explained in thecontext of Chinese perspective towards India, India China relation in post cold war era,strengthening of Indo-US relation, G-7 matter, economic liberalization, demolition of SovietRussia, South East Asia and their relationship in the context of WTO.

Identidade cultural e o corpo / Cultural identity and the body / La identidad cultural y el cuerpo

O ser humano define a sua identidade principalmente pela forma como apresenta, desenha e estiliza o seu corpo. Ao fazê-lo, os indivíduos fazem declarações sobre a sua filiação para um contexto social. A globalização implica uma mudança de identidade entre os membros das culturas menos industrializadas, uma vez que estão expostos aos efeitos da dominação cultural. Para o indivíduo, essa exposição pode ser tanto mais forte quanto mais autônoma era sua cultura de origem antes do confronto. Há uma parcialidade de elementos culturais que estão sendo transferidos, de modo que a cultura industrializada tem um forte impacto em outras culturas. O consentimento global em relação aos padrões de comportamento, especialmente à autoapresentação corporal e aos estilos cognitivos relacionados, leva à obliteração do conhecimento tradicional, que está entrelaçado com o comportamento sobre o qual a identidade foi definida anteriormente. Os elementos culturais transferidos estão sendo utilizados para a construção de identidades pessoais globalmente padronizadas, em que os elementos relativos ao desenho visual do corpo humano são de grande relevância para a autodefinição. A perda de identidades diversas em favor da pertença à sociedade global provoca uma série de problemas que podem ser demonstrados em modelos funcionais. Esses modelos, por sua vez, podem apoiar o planeamento de estratégias de intervenção e o trabalho de resgate. Neste artigo, analisa-se o papel do corpo nos efeitos desestabilizadores da mudança cultural e discutem-se as possibilidades de intervenção.

Human beings define their identity primarily by the way they present, design and style their bodies. In doing so, individuals make statements about their affiliation to a social context. Globalisation implies a change of identity among the members of less industrialised cultures, as they are exposed to effects of cultural dominance. For the individual, this exposure can be the stronger, the more autonomous his or her culture of origin used to be before the confrontation. There is a bias of cultural elements that are being transferred, so that the industrialised culture has a strong impact on other cultures. Global consent with regard to behaviour patterns, especially to bodily self-presentation and the related cognitive styles, leads to the obliteration of traditional knowledge, which is interwoven with the behaviour upon which identity had been defined previously. The cultural elements transferred are being used for the construction of globally standardised personal identities, whereat elements concerning the visual design of the human body are of major relevance for defining the self. The loss of variegated identities in favour of belonging to the global society brings about a number of problems, which can be demonstrated in functional models. These models, in turn, may support the planning of interventional strategies and rescue work. In this article, the role of the body within the destabilising effects of cultural change are analysed, and chances for intervention are discussed.

Los seres humanos definen su identidad principalmente por la forma en que presentan, diseñan y cultivan sus cuerpos. Al hacerlo, los individuos hacen declaraciones sobre sus afiliaciones en un contexto social. La globalización implica un cambio de identidad entre los miembros de culturas menos industrializadas, ya que están expuestos a efectos de dominio cultural. Para el individuo, esta exposición puede ser más fuerte cuanto más autónoma fuera su cultura de origen, antes de la confrontación. Hay un sesgo de elementos culturales que se están transfiriendo, asi pues, la cultura industrializada tiene un gran impacto en otras culturas. Consentimiento global con respecto a patrones de comportamiento, especialmente a los de auto-presentación corporal y estilos cognitivos relacionados, conduce a la obliteración de los conocimientos tradicionales, que se entrelaza con el comportamiento sobre el cual la identidad había sido definida previamente. Los elementos culturales transferidos se utilizan para la construcción de identidades personales estandarizadas globalmente, donde elementos referentes al diseño visual del cuerpo humano son de gran importancia para definir el yo. La pérdida de identidades variadas en favor de la pertenencia a la sociedad global trae consigo una serie de problemas, que pueden ser demonstrados en modelos funcionales. A su vez, estos modelos, pueden apoyar la planificación de estrategias de intervención y trabajo de rescate. En este artículo se analiza el papel del cuerpo dentro de los efectos desestabilizadores del cambio cultural y se discuten posibilidades de intervención.

Aceptación del concepto de Economía Social e identificación de grupos homogéneos en países de Latinoamérica y Europa / Acceptance of the Social Economy concept and Identification of homogeneous groups in Latin American and European countries

Resumen La globalización y las nuevas tecnologías generan fuentes de riqueza que permiten transformar las estructuras sociales, económicas e institucionales, a través de la producción de bienes y servicios, con un efecto positivo para la sociedad, cuando estas acciones propician la distribución de los beneficios por encima del enriquecimiento individual. La creciente importancia de la economía social, como alternativa para el logro del desarrollo local, ha generado el interés de instituciones públicas, sociedad civil y comunidad científica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los indicadores de la aceptación del concepto de economía social por parte de autoridades públicas, empresas de economía social y mundo académico-científico de diferentes países de Latinoamérica y Europa; e identificar grupos homogéneos de las vana-bles: empresas de economía social y empleos, utilizando el método jerárquico de análisis de cluster Ward. Para ello, se estudiaron 17 países de Latinoamérica y 27 de Europa, obtenidos de distintas bases de datos durante el periodo 2010 a 2012, así como de algunos informes. Los países con mayor aceptación del concepto de economía social son los de Europa, quienes, a diferencia de los países de Latinoamérica, forman conglomerados más grandes, con respecto al número de empresas de economía social y de empleos. Los países de Latinoamérica requieren mayores esfuerzos para lograr que la economía social sea parte estratégica en la consolidación del desarrollo local, como sucede en los países de Europa.

Abstract Globalization and new technologies generate sources of wealth that allow the transformation of social, economic and institutional structures through the production of goods and services. These actions have a positive effect for society when they favor the distribution of benefits over individual enrichment. The growing importance of social economy as an alternative for the achievement of local development has generated the interest of public institutions, the civil society and the scientific community. The objective of this research was twofold: Firstly, it aimed at analyzing the indicators of the acceptance of the social economy concept by public authorities, social economy companies and the academic-scientific world of different countries from Latin America and Europe. Secondly, it intended to identify homogeneous groups of the variables: social economy companies and jobs, using Ward's method of hierarchical cluster analysis. To this end, data from 17 countries from Latin America and 27 from Europe was studied. This data was obtained from different databases and reports from the 2010-2012 period. The countries with the greatest acceptance of the concept of social economy are those of Europe, which, unlike Latin American countries, construct larger conglomerates, with respect to the number of social economy enterprises and jobs. The countries of Latin America require greater efforts to make social economy a strategic part of local development consolidation, as it is the case in European countries.

A reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde: processo, tendências atuais e desafios (1998-2014) / The reform of the World Health Organization: process current trends and challenges (1998-2014)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a atual proposta de reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), buscando identificar, descrever e avaliar as mudanças e continuidades entre o processo em curso e outras mudanças organizacionais (chamadas reformas) implementadas no período 1998-2014. Fez-se um repasse sobre a constituição histórica da OMS e os desafios que enfrentou para sua legitimação na arena internacional, incluindo os embates internos e externos que conduziram à discussão contemporâneo sobre sua reforma. O foco do estudo é a proposta de reforma de 2010, elaborada pela Diretora-Geral (DG) Dra. Margaret Chan, que trata do futuro do financiamento da OMS e da incapacidade da organização de responder, de forma rápida e ágil, aos desafios atuais da saúde global, centrados, segundo a DG, na insustentabilidade do atual modelo de gestão, financiamento e programação institucional, frente às necessidades de saúde das populações no século XXI. O estudo analisou as reformas elaboradas pelas gestões desse período, com foco nas propostas orçamentárias e planos de trabalho institucionais. Utilizou-se para análise a articulação entre diferentes abordagens teóricas, relacionadas aos impactos da globalização sobre a saúde das populações; a maior interdependência entre os países e a consequente ampliação da disputa de poder no sistema mundial; a relação entre a conformação do termo saúde global e a dinâmica entre as instituições que atuam na arena internacional do setor, assim como a importância da saúde nas relações internacionais contemporâneas e a chamada governança global na área. A estratégia metodológica foi de estudo de caso, amparada em técnicas qualitativas para o levantamento de dados – revisão bibliográfica; amplo levantamento e análise documental; e observação social direta do autor...

This study examined the current World Health Organisation (WHO) reform proposal with a view to identifying, describing and evaluating changes and continuities between the present process and other organisational changes (termed reforms) implemented between 1998 and 2014. The formation of the WHO was reviewed historically, along with the challenges it faced in gaining international legitimacy, including the internal and external conflicts that led to the present discussion over reform. The focus of the study is the 2010 reform proposal prepared by WHO Director-General (DG) Dr Margaret Chan, which addresses the future of WHO funding and the organisation’s inability to respond, quickly and agilely, to today’s global health challenges, which she sees as centred in a lack of sustainability of the present model of organisational management, funding and planning in light of populations health needs in the 21st century. They study examined the reforms drawn up by the various administrations over the period, focussing on budget proposals and institutional work plans. The analysis deployed a combination of different theoretical approaches relating to the impacts of globalisation on population-wide health; the greater interdependence among countries and the consequent broadening of power disputes in the world system; the relation between the term global health and the dynamics among institutions operating in the international health sector arena; and the importance of health in contemporary international relations and ‘global governance’ of the field...

Emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance: A global problem.

Antibiotic resistance is a major problem in clinical health settings. Interestingly the origin of many of antibiotic resistance mechanisms can be traced back to non-pathogenic environmental organisms. Important factors leading to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance include absence of regulation in the use of antibiotics, improper waste disposal and associated transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in the community through commensals. In this review, we discussed the impact of globalisation on the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria through immigration and export/import of foodstuff. The significance of surveillance to define appropriate use of antibiotics in the clinic has been included as an important preventive measure.

Globalización, salud y cultura: aspectos emergentes: propuestas para el análisis desde la antropología social / Globalisation, health and culture: emerging issues: proposals for an analysis from a social anthropology perspective

El propósito central de este artículo es presentar algunas reflexiones de carácter crítico sobre las relaciones entre las transformaciones en el campo de la salud y los procesos de globalización. Para ello partimos de los aportes de nuestra disciplina de origen, la Antropología social, pero también ocupan un papel central las teorías del filosofo francés M. Foucault. La idea es que estas reflexiones puedan abrir un espacio de debate con otros profesionales del campo socio-sanitario. En la primera parte el texto plantea el reto que supone pensar acerca de los nuevos procesos sociales ligados a la salud, debido a la aparición de modelos explicativos y de intervención en los cuales determinados aspectos que podríamos denominar "culturales" parecen haber pasado a ocupar un lugar central. Después pasa a sugerir, desde una perspectiva procesual las dinámicas emergentes que podrían estar tomando los procesos ahora globales de medicalización de la vida, tratando de apuntar sus paradojas, como el desbordamiento de los límites tradicionales de los saberes sanitarios y el ensamblaje de nuevas practicas que parecen traducir al campo medico realidades hasta ahora fuera de su alcance.

Impacts of the globalized economy on the environment: the tanning industry in the Vale do Rio dos Sinos

This case study analysed the impact of the global economy on the environment of the Vale do Rio do Sinos region in southern Brazil. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data from social, cultural, economic and political agents in this region, and documents about the tanning industry were reviewed and analysed. Global perspectives and local conditions were brought together to understand the causes and consequences of social, political and economic structures and to evaluate the intrinsic association of the tanning industry with the social, historical and cultural development of the Vale do Rio dos Sinos. The behaviour of the local community, where individuals believe that progress is primordially based on industrial development and go to any lengths to achieve it, was also studied. The analysis of industries that have a high contamination potential revealed that dirty industries moved from central to peripheral countries up to the 1980s, but movement is currently internal and occurs between states in Brazil due to several types of incentives.

Este trabalho indaga os impactos da economia global para o meio ambiente na região do vale do rio dos Sinos, Brasil. É um estudo de caso que se apoiou em 32 entrevistas; 307 questionários, aplicados aos atores socioculturais, econômicos e políticos; além de observação e documentos, relacionados à indústria curtidora. A proposta consiste em aproximar o global ao local, percebendo as causas e consequências da estrutura social, política e econômica. Em relação à indústria de curtumes, veremos que a mesma está intrínseca no processo de formação sócio-histórico e cultural da comunidade do vale do rio dos Sinos. Por outro lado, essa sociedade acredita que o progresso tem sua base no desenvolvimento industrial, não medindo esforços para alcançá-lo. Perceberemos, também, um movimento de migração de indústrias com alto potencial de contaminação. Os dados apontam que, até a década de 80, o que víamos dos países de centro (principalmente Europa) deslocar suas indústrias sujas para os países de periferia; hoje, por muitos incentivos de ordens diversas, assinala-se essa migração internamente entre os estados do Brasil.